Listed Building: LETHERINGHAM LODGE (286504)

A hunting lodge or banqueting house constructed around 1475, extended and re-roofed in around 1610. Letheringham Lodge is therefore possibly the earliest banqueting house or hunting lodge to survive in England. Letheringham Lodge stands on a moated site. Dendrochronology has established a date of around 1475 for the construction of this building, designed for the Wingfield family whose seat at Letheringham Old Hall stood 1km to the north. At that time the Yorkist courtier Sir John Wingfield (1428-1481) was head of the household. The building stands at the edge of the Old Hall’s former deer park, first recorded in 1448, when the estate was ransacked by the Duke of Norfolk. It is rare for medieval hunting lodges or banqueting houses to survive. These high-status buildings occur in greater numbers in the Early Modern period. Comparable examples included one at Nonsuch Palace, Surrey (around 1550 but demolished), and the Hunting Lodge in Epping Forest (called ‘Queen Elizabeth’s’ but built in 1543 for Henry VIII; now Grade II* listed as an early and rare example of its type, NHLE: 1293481). A parkland pleasure house built for Henry V was known to exist at Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire, in 1414-1417 but was demolished in the reign of Henry VIII. Archaeological traces of medieval banqueting houses or hunt standings exist, but nothing survives to the same extent as Letheringham Lodge. As originally built it had a square plan over two storeys, jettied at first floor and with a large gabled attic storey. It was close studded and is likely to have had a gallery or external stair on the north side. The lodge was altered in the early C16 with the introduction of small-field linenfold panelling with heraldic decoration. This elaborate feature was probably designed to mark the marriage of Sir Anthony Wingfield and Elizabeth de Vere in the 1510s. The panelling was removed in around 1920 and taken to Brodick Castle, Isle of Arran, Scotland, where it was installed in the Dining Room. In 1610 the lodge was inherited by Elizabeth, widow of Sir Thomas Wingfield. She married Henry Reynolds in the same year. Perhaps in connection with her second marriage, the lodge was extended north by adding a wing, a stair tower was constructed, and the roof of the earlier part reconfigured to a hipped form. Dendrochronology shows that the new roof timbers were felled in 1609, and the inscription ‘1610 E.W.’ appears on one of the new door lintels. The estate went into decline following the death of Sir Anthony Wingfield in 1638. By the early C18 the deer park is likely to have been converted to farmland and the lodge into a farmhouse. The lodge remained in the same ownership as the old hall estate until 1919. The C18 and C19 saw the underbuilding of part of the eastern jetty, the addition of a canted bay window there at ground floor, and the construction of small outbuildings at the north side of the moat on both sides of the house. MATERIALS: The building is oak framed and externally rendered. The north wall is built of brick laid in Flemish bond. Brick chimneys. The roofs of the house are covered in plain tiles; pantiles are used for the northern lean-to and outbuildings. PLAN: The original square floor plan of the medieval lodge was extended with a kitchen block to the north and a stair tower to the west in around 1610. EXTERIOR: The lodge stands on a moated platform and is two storeys high with an attic in the roof. The south roof is hipped and rises to a chimney stack. There are small dormers in the roof. The walls are rendered and scored in imitation of ashlar. The simple casement fenestration is a later alteration. The southern half of the building is jettied with bullnose joist ends. The arching jowls of the exposed corner posts spring from bands of elaborate carved Gothic detailing of miniature arcades and crestings of fleurons. On the east elevation the northern half of the jetty is underbuilt at ground floor, and there is a canted bay window in the southern half. At the centre of the south elevation there are double doors of 1976. The west elevation was altered in 1610 with the creation of the north extension and the western stair tower. The stair tower has an asymmetrical gabled roof. On the north side of the stair tower is a lean-to extension with a pantiled roof. The fenestration of the whole west elevation is irregularly aligned. The north wall is sheer brick, rising directly from the moat. Its plinth has a basement opening. It rises to a gable with kneelers and two small attic windows. The gable terminates in a chimneystack with four angled flues on broached bases, with rusticated brick detailing. INTERIOR: The plan form has been altered with the creation of the north extension and west stair tower in around 1610. The ground floor plan of the original lodge at the south end includes a former farm office with a glazed screen. The medieval plan can be partly reconstructed by reference to exposed ceilings beams, the mortices and mouldings (or lack thereof) indicating former partitions and changes in room status. Some moulded beams are strikingly elaborate for the 1470s (roll mouldings interchanged with cavetto, for example). Dragon beams ramp downwards to the corner posts. The original List entry noted: “The sitting room has a plain ceiling above which are two separate decorated ceilings, now obscured.” The north extension is identifiable at ground floor by entry through a door of double-thickness with moulded fillets. Above the door is a lintel marked ‘1610 E.W.’ and ‘J. Glanfield’. Ceilings here have chamfered principal beams. A secondary spiral stair with a mast newel was added shortly after construction. Some areas of the C15 close-studded frame are visible at the junction between the extension and the original lodge. Beneath the extension is a 1610 brick cellar with hooks and drains, possibly indicating use for meat storage/processing. The upper storeys have very wide historic floor boards. At first floor the original external wall is now an interior feature marking the north extension. It contains evidence of three pairs of original window lights. These include one pair with arched heads and a moulded mullion and surrounds, and a similar pair truncated by the insertion of a doorway across their lower half. The third window has no apparent moulding. These features reveal aspects of the building’s original plan and possibly the erstwhile presence of an external stair or gallery on the north side. The 1610 stair tower incorporates an area of relocated small-field panelling. The stair itself turns around an open well. It has a closed string, grip handrail, and turned balusters and newels at wide intervals, with rounded newel finials. In the attic storey (between the first floor and the roof void), at the junction between the medieval and 1610 phases, there is upright medieval timber framing with evidence for an original window sill, suggesting that the C15 roof was gabled, possibly on all four sides. The roof structure has chamfered principal rafters and two rows of tenoned purlins with slots for wind braces. There are some primary braces, and some carpenters’ assembly marks. At the south end there are upturned joists used to construct the attic ceiling which have been reused from a heavily moulded ceiling of earlier date. There are several historic fireplaces. None appear to be medieval, though it is possible that the central chimney stack of the south end is from the primary phase.